Importance of internal and external nutrient loading to the primary productivity of Lake Tanganyika

A coupled hydrodynamic-ecosystem model (GOTM-FABM-ERGOM) was applied to test the hypothesis that primary production in the upper mixed layers of Lake Tanganyika is primarily controlled by internal nutrient inputs. The model was calibrated (data: May 2015–April 2016) and validated (data: May 2016–April 2017) against monthly field data of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate) and chlorophyll a collected from Kigoma Bay in the northern part of the lake. Data of nutrients and discharge from the rivers (Ruzizi and Malagarasi) and atmospheric dry and wet deposition were derived from the literature. The model generally showed good agreement with the observed data for water temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrients during the calibration and validation periods. The model satisfactorily reproduced the lake’s seasonal dynamics (dry and wet seasons) induced by the lake’s hydrodynamic processes. We found that both internal and external sources contribute importantly to total nutrient loading in the lake. Our results indicate that nutrient supply from rivers into Lake Tanganyika is more important than previously known. However, we call for further studies to investigate the contribution of other sources of regenerated nutrients (e.g. N2-fixation) to the overall primary productivity of Lake Tanganyika.