open access publication

Preprint, 2024

Euclid preparation. Detecting globular clusters in the Euclid survey

arXiv, ISSN 2331-8422, 10.48550/arxiv.2405.14015

Contributors

Euclid Collaboration Voggel, Karina T 0000-0001-6215-0950 [1] Lançon, Ariane 0000-0002-7214-8296 [1] Saifollahi, Teymoor 0000-0002-9554-7660 [1] [2] Larsen, S. S. [3] Cantiello, Michele 0000-0003-2072-384X [4] Rejkuba, Marina 0000-0002-6577-2787 [5] Cuillandre, J. -C. [6] Hudelot, Patrick [7] [8] Nucita, Achille A 0000-0002-7926-3481 [9] [10] [11] Urbano, Mathias 0000-0001-5640-0650 [1] Romelli, Erik 0000-0003-3069-9222 [12] Raj, M A [2] Schirmer, M. [13] Tortora, Crescenzo 0000-0001-7958-6531 [14] Abdurro'uf [15] Annibali, Francesca 0000-0003-3758-4516 [16] Baes, M. [17] Boldrini, Pierre [7] [8] Cabanac, Remi A [18] Carollo, D [12] Conselice, Christopher J 0000-0003-1949-7638 [19] Duc, Pierre-Alain 0000-0003-3343-6284 [1] Ferguson, Annette M N [20] Hunt, L. K. [21] Knapen, Johan H 0000-0003-1643-0024 [22] [23] Lonare, P. [4] [24] Marleau, F R [25] Poulain, M [26] Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén 0000-0003-4945-0056 [27] Sola, E. [28] Andreon, Stefano 0000-0002-2041-8784 [29] Auricchio, Natalia 0000-0003-4444-8651 [16] Baldi, Marco 0000-0003-4145-1943 [16] [30] [31] Bardelli, Sandro 0000-0002-8900-0298 [16] Bodendorf, C. [32] Bonino, Donata 0000-0002-3336-9977 [33] Branchini, Enzo 0000-0002-0808-6908 [29] [34] [35] Brescia, Massimo 0000-0001-9506-5680 [14] [36] [37] Brinchmann, Jarle 0000-0003-4359-8797 [38] Camera, Stefano 0000-0003-3399-3574 [33] [39] [40] Capobianco, Vito 0000-0002-3309-7692 [33] Carbone, Carmelita 0000-0003-0125-3563 [41] Carlberg, R G [42] Carretero, J [43] [44] Casas, S [45] Castellano, Marco 0000-0001-9875-8263 [46] Cavuoti, Stefano 0000-0002-3787-4196 [14] [37] Cimatti, A [30] Congedo, Giuseppe 0000-0003-2508-0046 [20] Conversi, Luca 0000-0002-6710-8476 [47] [48] Copin, Y. [49] Courbin, Frederic Yves Michel 0000-0003-0758-6510 [50] Courtois, H M [51] Cropper, Mark Scott 0000-0003-4571-9468 [52] Da Silva, António José Cunha 0000-0002-6385-1609 [53] Degaudenzi, H. [54] Di Giorgio, Anna Maria [55] Dinis, João 0000-0001-5075-1601 [53] Dubath, F. [54] Dupac, Xavier [48] Dusini, S. [56] Farina, Maria 0000-0002-3089-7846 [55] Farrens, S. [6] Ferriol, S. [49] Fotopoulou, Sotiria 0000-0002-9686-254X [57] Frailis, Marco 0000-0002-7400-2135 [12] Franceschi, Enrico 0000-0002-0585-6591 [16] Fumana, Marco 0000-0001-6787-5950 [41] Galeotta, Samuele 0000-0002-3748-5115 [12] Gillard, William 0000-0003-4744-9748 [58] Gillis, Bryan R 0000-0002-4478-1270 [20] Giocoli, Carlo 0000-0002-9590-7961 [16] [31] Gómez-Alvarez, Pedro [48] [59] Grazian, Andrea [60] Grupp, Frank U 0000-0001-7300-9303 [32] [61] Haugan, S. V. H. [62] Hoekstra, H. [63] Holmes, Warren A [64] Hook, Isobel Mary 0000-0002-2960-978X [65] Hormuth, Felix [66] Hornstrup, Allan 0000-0002-3363-0936 [67] [68] Jahnke, K. [13] Keihänen, Elina 0000-0003-1804-7715 [69] Kermiche, Sabrina 0000-0002-0302-5735 [58] Kiessling, Alina [64] Kilbinger, M. [6] Kohley, R. [48] Kubik, B. [49] Kümmel, M [61] Kunz, Martin 0000-0002-3052-7394 [54] Kurki-Suonio, Hannu 0000-0002-4618-3063 [69] [70] Laureijs, Rene J [71] Ligori, Sebastiano 0000-0003-4172-4606 [33] Lilje, P. B. [62] Lindholm, Valtteri 0000-0003-2317-5471 [69] [70] Lloro, Ivan [72] Maino, Davide 0000-0002-4901-0133 [41] [73] [74] Maiorano, E. [16] Mansutti, Oriana 0000-0001-5758-4658 [12] Marggraf, O. [75] Markovic, Katarina 0000-0001-6764-073X [64] Martinet, Nicolas 0000-0003-2786-7790 [76] Marulli, Federico 0000-0002-8850-0303 [16] [30] [31] Massey, Richard J Massey Richard J 0000-0002-6085-3780 [77] Maurogordato, Sophie [78] Medinaceli, Eduardo [16] Mei, S. [79] Mellier, Yannick [7] [8] Meneghetti, Massimo 0000-0003-1225-7084 [16] [31] Merlin, Emiliano 0000-0001-6870-8900 [46] Meylan, Georges [50] Moresco, Michele 0000-0002-7616-7136 [16] [30] Moscardini, Lauro 0000-0002-3473-6716 [16] [30] [31] Munari, Emiliano 0000-0002-1751-5946 [12] [80] Nakajima, R. [75] Nichol, R. C. [81] Niemi, S. -M. [71] Nightingale, James W 0000-0002-8987-7401 [77] [82] Padilla, C. [83] Paltani, S. [54] Pasian, Fabio 0000-0002-4869-3227 [12] Pedersen, K [84] Pettorino, V [71] Pires, S. [6] Polenta, G. [85] Poncet, Maurice [86] Popa, L. A. [87] Pozzetti, Lucia 0000-0001-7085-0412 [16] Raison, F. [32] Rebolo, Rafael 0000-0003-3767-7085 [22] [23] Renzi, Alessandro 0000-0001-9856-1970 [56] [88] Rhodes, Jason D [64] Riccio, Giuseppe 0000-0001-7020-1172 [14] Roncarelli, Mauro 0000-0001-9587-7822 [16] Rossetti, E. [30] Saglia, Roberto P 0000-0003-0378-7032 [32] [61] Sapone, D. [89] Sartoris, Barbara 0000-0003-1337-5269 [12] [61] Scaramella, Roberto 0000-0003-2229-193X [46] [90] Schneider, P. [75] Schrabback, Tim 0000-0002-6987-7834 [25] Secroun, Aurélia 0000-0003-0505-3710 [58] Seidel, G. [13] Serrano, Santiago 0000-0002-0211-2861 [91] [92] [93] Sirignano, Chiara 0000-0002-0995-7146 [56] [88] Sirri, G. [31] Stanco, L. [56] Surace, C [76] Tallada-Crespí, Pau 0000-0002-1336-8328 [43] [44] Teplitz, Harry I 0000-0002-7064-5424 [94] Tereno, Ismael Alexandre Borges 0000-0002-4537-6218 [53] Toledo-Moreo, Rafael 0000-0002-2997-4859 [95] Torradeflot, Fra Ncesc 0000-0003-1160-1517 [43] [44] Tutusaus, Isaac 0000-0002-3199-0399 [18] Valentijn, Edwin A 0000-0003-1032-6680 [2] Valenziano, Luca 0000-0002-1170-0104 [16] [31] Vassallo, T 0000-0001-6512-6358 [12] [61] Veropalumbo, A [29] [34] Wang, Y. [94] Weller, Jochen 0000-0002-8282-2010 [32] [61] Zamorani, G. [16] Zucca, Elena 0000-0002-5845-8132 [16] Biviano, Andrea 0000-0002-0857-0732 [12] [80] Bolzonella, M [16] Bozzo, E. [54] Burigana, Carlo 0000-0002-3005-5796 [31] [96] Calabrese, M [41] [97] Colodro-Conde, Carlos [23] De Lucia, Gabriella [12] Di Ferdinando, D. [31] Vigo, J A Escartin [32] Farinelli, R [16] George, K [61] Graciá-Carpio, Javier 0000-0003-4689-3134 [32] Liebing, P [52] Martinelli, Matteo 0000-0002-6943-7732 [46] [90] Mauri, Nicoletta 0000-0001-8196-1548 [30] [31] Neissner, Christian [44] [83] Sakr, Ziad Bou 0000-0002-4823-3757 [18] [98] [99] Scottez, Vivien [7] [100] Tenti, M. [31] Viel, M. [12] [80] [101] [102] [103] Wiesmann, M. [62] Akrami, Yashar 0000-0002-2407-7956 [104] [105] Allevato, Viola 0000-0001-7232-5152 [14] Anselmi, Stefano 0000-0002-3579-9583 [6] [56] [88] Baccigalupi, C. [12] [80] [101] [102] Ballardini, Mario 0000-0003-4481-3559 [16] [106] [107] Béthermin, Matthieu 0000-0002-3915-2015 [1] [76] Blanchard, A. [18] Blot, L [6] [108] Borgani, S. [12] [80] [101] [109] Borlaff, Alejandro S 0000-0003-3249-4431 [110] [111] Bruton, Sean T 0000-0002-6503-5218 [112] Calabro, A [46] Cañas-Herrera, Guadalupe 0000-0003-2796-2149 [63] [71] Cappi, Alberto 0000-0002-9200-7167 [16] [78] Carvalho, Carla Sofia 0000-0002-7241-9797 [53] Castignani, Gianluca 0000-0001-6831-0687 [16] Castro, Tiago 0000-0002-6292-3228 [12] [80] [101] [103] Chambers, K. C. [113] Contarini, Sofia 0000-0002-9843-723X [30] [32] Cooray, Asantha Roshan 0000-0002-3892-0190 [114] De Caro, B [56] [88] Desprez, Guillaume 0000-0001-8325-1742 [115] Díaz-Sánchez, Anastasio 0000-0003-0748-4768 [95] Di Domizio, S Dell'Oro S [34] [35] Dole, Herve A [116] Escoffier, S. [58] Ferrero, I. [62] Finelli, Fabio 0000-0002-6694-3269 [16] [31] Fornari, F. [31] Gabarra, L. [117] Ganga, K. [79] García-Bellido, Juan 0000-0002-9370-8360 [105] Gautard, V [118] Gaztanaga, Enrique 0000-0001-9632-0815 [92] [93] [119] Giacomini, F. [31] Gozaliasl, Ghassem 0000-0002-0236-919X [69] [120] Hall, Alex C 0000-0002-3139-8651 [20] Hildebrandt, Hendrik Jurgen 0000-0002-9814-3338 [121] Hjorth, J. [122] Ilbert, O [76] Kajava, Jari J E 0000-0002-3010-8333 [123] [124] Kansal, Vanshika 0000-0002-4008-6078 [125] [126] Karagiannis, Dionysios 0000-0002-4927-0816 [127] [128] Kirkpatrick, C C [69] Legrand, Louis 0000-0003-0610-5252 [129] Libet, G. [86] Loureiro, Arthur 0000-0002-4371-0876 [130] [131] Macías-Pérez, Juan Francisco 0000-0002-5385-2763 [132] Maggio, Gianmarco 0000-0003-4020-4836 [12] Magliocchetti, Manuela 0000-0001-9158-4838 [55] Mannucci, F. [21] Maoli, Roberto 0000-0002-6065-3025 [46] [133] Martins, Carlos José Amaro Parente 0000-0002-4886-9261 [38] [134] Matthew, S [20] Maurin, Loïc 0000-0002-8406-0857 [116] Metcalf, Robert Benton 0000-0003-3167-2574 [16] [30] Monaco, P. [12] [80] [101] [109] Moretti, Chiara 0000-0003-3314-8936 [12] [80] [101] [102] [103] Morgante, Gianluca 0000-0001-9234-7412 [16] Walton, Nicholas A. [28] Patrizii, L. [31] Pezzotta, Andrea 0000-0003-0726-2268 [32] Pöntinen, M. [69] Popa, V [87] Porciani, C. [75] Potter, D. [135] Reimberg, Paulo Henrique Flose 0000-0003-3410-0280 [7] Risso, Ilaria 0000-0003-2525-7761 [35] Rocci, P F [116] Sahlén, Martin Nils Jean Nikolaj 0000-0003-0973-4804 [136] Schneider, A. [135] Sefusatti, Emiliano 0000-0003-0473-1567 [12] [80] [101] Sereno, Mauro 0000-0003-0302-0325 [16] [31] Simon, P. [75] Mancini, Alessio Spurio 0000-0001-5698-0990 [52] [137] Steinwagner, Jörg [32] Testera, G. [34] Teyssier, R. [138] Toft, Sune 0000-0003-3631-7176 [68] [122] Tosi, S. [29] [34] [35] Troja, Antonino 0000-0003-0239-4595 [56] [88] Tucci, M. [54] Valiviita, Jussi-Pekka 0000-0001-6225-3693 [69] [70] Vergani, Daniela 0000-0003-0898-2216 [16] Verza, G [139] [140] Zinchenko, I A [61] Mamon, Gary A 0000-0001-8956-5953 [7] [8] Scott, D. [141]

Affiliations

  1. [1] Observatory of Strasbourg
    2. [NORA names: France; Europe, EU; OECD];
  2. [2] University of Groningen
    3. [NORA names: Netherlands; Europe, EU; OECD];
  3. [3] Radboud University Nijmegen
    4. [NORA names: Netherlands; Europe, EU; OECD];
  4. [4] Collurania Teramo Observatory
    5. [NORA names: Italy; Europe, EU; OECD];
  5. [5] European Southern Observatory
    6. [NORA names: Germany; Europe, EU; OECD];

Abstract

Extragalactic globular clusters (EGCs) are an abundant and powerful tracer of galaxy dynamics and formation, and their own formation and evolution is also a matter of extensive debate. The compact nature of globular clusters means that they are hard to spatially resolve and thus study outside the Local Group. In this work we have examined how well EGCs will be detectable in images from the Euclid telescope, using both simulated pre-launch images and the first early-release observations of the Fornax galaxy cluster. The Euclid Wide Survey will provide high-spatial resolution VIS imaging in the broad IE band as well as near-infrared photometry (YE, JE, and HE). We estimate that the galaxies within 100 Mpc in the footprint of the Euclid survey host around 830 000 EGCs of which about 350 000 are within the survey's detection limits. For about half of these EGCs, three infrared colours will be available as well. For any galaxy within 50Mpc the brighter half of its GC luminosity function will be detectable by the Euclid Wide Survey. The detectability of EGCs is mainly driven by the residual surface brightness of their host galaxy. We find that an automated machine-learning EGC-classification method based on real Euclid data of the Fornax galaxy cluster provides an efficient method to generate high purity and high completeness GC candidate catalogues. We confirm that EGCs are spatially resolved compared to pure point sources in VIS images of Fornax. Our analysis of both simulated and first on-sky data show that Euclid will increase the number of GCs accessible with high-resolution imaging substantially compared to previous surveys, and will permit the study of GCs in the outskirts of their hosts. Euclid is unique in enabling systematic studies of EGCs in a spatially unbiased and homogeneous manner and is primed to improve our understanding of many understudied aspects of GC astrophysics.

Keywords

Euclid, Euclid data, Euclid survey, Euclid wide survey, Fornax, Fornax galaxy cluster, GC, GC luminosity function, Local Group, VIS, VIS images, analysis, astrophysics, band, brightness, catalogue, clusters, color, completion, data, detected globular clusters, detection, detection limit, dynamics, efficient method, evolution, extragalactic globular clusters, footprint, formation, function, galaxies, galaxy clusters, globular clusters, group, high-resolution images, homogeneous manner, host, host galaxies, images, infrared, infrared colors, limitations, localization, luminosity function, manner, method, near-infrared photometry, observations, outskirts, photometry, point sources, purity, source, spatially, study, study of GC, study of extragalactic globular cluster, surface brightness, survey, survey detection limits, surveyed hosts, systematic study, tracer, wide survey

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