open access publication

Article, 2024

The role and fate of patulin in apple-associated fungal-fungal interactions

Fungal Ecology, ISSN 1754-5048, 1878-0083, Volume 69, Page 101341, 10.1016/j.funeco.2024.101341

Contributors

Clemmensen, Sidsel Ettrup 0000-0003-3019-6967 [1] Cowled, Michael Scott 0000-0002-5083-3532 [1] Kromphardt, Kresten Jon Korup 0000-0002-0470-3788 [2] Frisvad, Jens Christian 0000-0002-0573-4340 [1] Larsen, Thomas Ostenfeld 0000-0002-3362-5707 [1] Frandsen, Rasmus John Normand 0000-0002-3799-6062 (Corresponding author) [1]

Affiliations

  1. [1] Technical University of Denmark
    2. [NORA names: DTU Technical University of Denmark; University; Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD];
  2. [2] Unibio, Asnæsvej 2A, Kalundborg, Denmark
    3. [NORA names: Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD]

Abstract

Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) have attracted significant attention due to their pharmaceutical applications and negative impact as food contaminants. However, less attention has been paid to understanding the ecological role of SMs for the producer and their natural microbial community. To investigate this, we performed co-cultures of SM deficient mutant strains and wild type fungi isolated from mouldy windfall apples. The competitiveness of Penicillium expansum mutant strains was tested in co-cultures with Monilinia fructigena on apple puree agar. Remarkably, the absence of patulin production in P. expansum lead to a loss of antagonism against M. fructigena, revealing a nuanced ecological role that extends beyond the involvement of patulin in host pathogenicity. Furthermore, chemical analysis revealed biotransformation of patulin by M. fructigena, pointing to a more complex interplay mediated by SMs for fungal species inhabiting the same ecosystem.

Keywords

M. fructigena, Monilinia, Monilinia fructigena, P. expansum, absence, agar, analysis, antagonism, apple, applications, attention, biotransformation, chemical, chemical analysis, co-culture, community, competition, complex interplay, contamination, ecological role, ecosystem, fate, food, food contamination, fungal secondary metabolites, fungal species, fungal-fungal interactions, fungi, host, host-pathogen, impact, interaction, interplay, involvement, loss, loss of antagonism, metabolites, microbial communities, mouldy, mutant strain, natural microbial communities, negative impact, pathogens, patulin, patulin production, pharmaceutical applications, producers, production, role, secondary metabolites, species, strain

Funders

  • Danish National Research Foundation

Data Provider: Digital Science

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