open access publication

Article, 2024

Gaia Focused Product Release: A catalogue of sources around quasars to search for strongly lensed quasars★

Astronomy & Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, 1432-0746, Volume 685, Page a130, 10.1051/0004-6361/202347273

Contributors

Krone-Martins, Alberto G O 0000-0002-2308-6623 (Corresponding author) [1] [2] Ducourant, Christine 0000-0003-4843-8979 [3] Galluccio, Laurent 0000-0002-8541-0476 [4] Delchambre, Ludovic 0000-0003-2559-408X [5] Oreshina-Slezak, I [4] Teixeira, Ramachrisna 0000-0002-6806-6626 [6] Braine, J. [3] Le Campion, Jean-François [3] Mignard, François [4] Roux, Wilhem 0000-0002-7816-1950 [7] Blazère, Aurore [7] Pegoraro, L. [7] Brown, A. G. A. [8] Vallenari, Antonella 0000-0003-0014-519X [9] Prusti, Timo 0000-0003-3120-7867 [10] De Bruijne, Jos H J 0000-0001-6459-8599 [10] Arenou, Frédéric 0000-0003-2837-3899 [11] Babusiaux, Carine [12] Barbier, A. [7] Biermann, Michael [13] Creevey, Orlagh Louise 0000-0003-1853-6631 [4] Evans, D. W. [14] Eyer, L. [15] Guerra, R [16] Hutton, A [17] Jordi, Carme 0000-0001-5495-9602 [18] [19] Klioner, Sergei A 0000-0003-4682-7831 [20] Lammers, U L [16] Lindegren, L [21] Luri, Xavier 0000-0001-5428-9397 [18] [19] Randich, Sofia 0000-0003-2438-0899 [22] Sartoretti, Paola 0000-0002-6574-7565 [11] Smiljanic, Rodolfo Henrique 0000-0003-0942-7855 [23] Tanga, Paolo 0000-0002-2718-997X [4] Walton, N. A. [14] Bailer-Jones, Coryn A L [24] Bastian, Ulrich 0000-0002-8667-1715 [13] Cropper, Mark Scott 0000-0003-4571-9468 [25] Drimmel, Ronald E 0000-0002-1777-5502 [26] Katz, D. [11] Soubiran, Caroline 0000-0003-3304-8134 [3] van Leeuwen, F. [14] Audard, Marc 0000-0003-4721-034X [15] Bakker, J [16] Blomme, Ronny [27] Castañeda, Javier 0000-0001-7820-946X [18] [19] [28] De Angeli, F. [14] Fabricius, Claus 0000-0003-2639-1372 [18] [19] Fouesneau, Morgan 0000-0001-9256-5516 [24] Frémat, Yves Y [27] Guerrier, A [7] Masana, E. [18] [19] Messineo, R. [29] Nicolas, C. [7] Nienartowicz, Krzysztof 0000-0001-5415-0547 [15] [30] Pailler, Frederic 0000-0002-4834-481X [7] Panuzzo, Pasquale 0000-0002-0016-8271 [11] Riclet, F [7] Seabroke, George M 0000-0003-4072-9536 [25] Sordo, Rosanna 0000-0003-4979-0659 [9] Thévenin, Frédéric [4] Gracia-Abril, G [13] [16] Portell, Jordi 0000-0002-8886-8925 [18] [19] Teyssier, D [31] Altmann, Martin [13] [32] Benson, Kevin [25] Berthier, Jerome 0000-0003-1846-6485 [33] Burgess, P. W. [14] Busonero, Deborah 0000-0002-3903-7076 [26] Busso, G. [14] Cánovas, H [31] Carry, BenoıˆT 0000-0001-5242-3089 [4] Cheek, N [34] Clementini, G. [35] Damerdji, Yassine 0000-0002-3107-4024 [5] [36] Davidson, M [37] De Teodoro, Pilar [16] Dell'Oro, Aldo 0000-0003-1561-9685 [22] Garcia, E Fraile [38] Garabato, Daniel 0000-0002-7133-6623 [39] García-Lario, Pedro 0000-0003-4039-8212 [16] Torres, N Garralda [40] Gavras, P [38] Haigron, Régis [11] Hambly, Nigel Charles [37] Harrison, Diana L 0000-0001-8687-6588 [14] Hatzidimitriou, Despina 0000-0002-5415-0464 [41] Hernández, Jose-Luis 0000-0002-0361-4994 [16] Hodgkin, S. T. [14] Holl, B. [15] Jamal, S. [24] Jordan, S. [13] Lanzafame, Alessandro C 0000-0002-2697-3607 [42] [43] Löffler, Wolfgang 0009-0003-1319-5601 [13] Lorca, A [17] Marchal, Olivier 0000-0001-7461-8928 [44] Marrese, Paola Maria [45] [46] Moitinho, Andre' 0000-0003-0822-5995 [2] Muinonen, Karri Olavi 0000-0001-8058-2642 [47] [48] Campos, M Nuñez [17] Osborne, P. [14] Pancino, Elena 0000-0003-0788-5879 [22] [45] Pauwels, Thierry [27] Recio-Blanco, Alejandra [4] Riello, M. [14] Rimoldini, Lorenzo G 0000-0002-0306-585X [15] Robin, A C [49] Roegiers, T 0000-0002-1231-4440 [50] Sarro, Luis Manuel 0000-0002-5622-5191 [51] Schultheis, M. [4] Siopis, C [52] Smith, M. [25] Sozzetti, Alessandro 0000-0002-7504-365X [26] Utrilla, E [17] van Leeuwen, M. [14] Weingrill, K 0000-0002-8163-2493 [53] Abbas, Ummi 0000-0002-5076-766X [26] Ábrahám, Péter 0000-0001-6015-646X [54] [55] Aramburu, A Abreu [40] Aerts, Conny 0000-0003-1822-7126 [24] [56] [57] Altavilla, Giuseppe 0000-0002-9934-1352 [45] [46] Álvarez, Marco Antonio 0000-0002-6786-2620 [39] Alves, J. [58] Anderson, R. I. [59] Antoja, Teresa 0000-0003-2595-5148 [18] [19] Baines, D. [60] Baker, Steven 0000-0002-6436-1257 [25] Balog, Zoltan 0000-0003-1748-2926 [13] [24] Barache, Christophe [32] Barbato, Domenico 0009-0005-9862-2549 [15] [26] Barros, Marcia Afonso 0000-0002-9728-9618 [2] Barstow, M. A. [61] Bartolomé, S [18] [19] Bashi, Dolev 0000-0002-9035-2645 [14] [62] Bauchet, N [11] Baudeau, N [7] Becciani, Ugo 0000-0002-4389-8688 [43] Bedin, Luigi Rolly 0000-0003-4080-6466 [9] Bellas-Velidis, Ioannis 0009-0004-7385-9198 [63] Bellazzini, Michele 0000-0001-8200-810X [35] Beordo, William 0000-0002-5094-1306 [26] [64] Berihuete, Angel 0000-0002-8589-4423 [65] Bernet, Marcel 0000-0001-7503-1010 [18] [19] Bertolotto, C. [29] Bertone, Stefano 0000-0001-9885-8440 [26] Bianchi, Luca 0000-0002-7999-4372 [66] Binnenfeld, Avraham 0000-0002-9319-3838 [62] Boch, Thomas 0000-0001-5818-2781 [44] Bombrun, A [67] Bouquillon, Sébastien [32] [68] Bragaglia, Angela 0000-0002-0338-7883 [35] Bramante, L. [29] Breedt, E. [14] Bressan, A. [69] Brouillet, Nathalie 0000-0002-3274-7024 [3] Brugaletta, E 0000-0003-2598-6737 [43] Bucciarelli, Beatrice 0000-0002-5303-0268 [26] [64] Butkevich, A. G. [26] Buzzi, Raffaella [26] Caffau, Elisabetta 0000-0001-6011-6134 [11] Cancelliere, R. [64] Cannizzo, S [70] Carballo, Ruth 0000-0001-7412-2498 [71] Carlucci, Teddy [32] Carnerero, Maria Isabel 0000-0001-5843-5515 [26] Carrasco, Josep Manel 0000-0002-3029-5853 [18] [19] Carretero, Jorge 0000-0002-3130-0204 [72] [73] Carton, S [70] Casamiquela, Laia 0000-0001-5238-8674 [3] [11] Castellani, M. [46] Castro-Ginard, Alfred 0000-0002-9419-3725 [8] Cesare, Valentina 0000-0003-1119-4237 [43] Charlot, Patrick 0000-0002-9142-716X [3] Chemin, Laurent 0000-0002-3834-7937 [74] Chiaramida, V. [29] Chiavassa, Andrea 0000-0003-3891-7554 [4] Chornay, N [14] [15] Collins, R [37] Contursi, G 0000-0001-5370-1511 [4] Cooper, W. J. [26] [75] Cornez, T [70] Crosta, Maria Teresa 0000-0003-4369-3786 [26] [64] Crowley, C [67] Dafonte, Carlos 0000-0003-4693-7555 [39] De Laverny, Patrick 0000-0002-2817-4104 [4] De Luise, Fiore 0000-0002-6570-8208 [76] De March, R. [29] De Souza, Ronaldo Eustaquio 0009-0007-7669-0254 [6] De Torres, A [67] Del Peloso, E F [13] Delbo, Marco [4] Delgado, A. [38] Dharmawardena, Thavisha E 0000-0002-9583-5216 [24] Diakite, S [49] Diener, C. [14] Distefano, Elisa 0000-0002-2448-2513 [43] Dolding, Chris [25] Dsilva, Karan 0000-0002-1476-9772 [52] Durán, J [38] Enke, Harry [53] Esquej, P [38] Fabre, C. [7] Fabrizio, Michele 0000-0001-5829-111X [45] [46] Faigler, Simchon 0000-0002-8368-5724 [62] Fatović, Marta 0000-0003-1911-4326 [77] Fedorets, Grigori 0000-0002-8418-4809 [48] [78] Fernández-Hernández, J [38] Fernique, Pierre [44] Figueras, Francesca 0000-0002-3393-0007 [18] [19] Fournier, Yori 0000-0002-6633-9088 [53] Fouron, C [7] Gai, Mario [26] Galinier, M [4] Garcia-Gutierrez, A [18] [19] García-Torres, Miguel 0000-0002-6867-7080 [79] Garofalo, Alessia 0000-0002-5907-0375 [35] Gerlach, E. [20] Geyer, R. [20] Giacobbe, Paolo 0000-0001-7034-7024 [26] Gilmore, Gerard Francis 0000-0003-4632-0213 [14] [80] Girona, Sergi 0000-0002-1975-1918 [81] Giuffrida, Giuliano 0000-0002-8979-4614 [46] Gomel, R. [62] Gomez, A [39] González-Núñez, Juan 0000-0001-5311-5555 [82] González-Santamaría, Iker 0000-0002-8537-9384 [39] Gosset, Eric [5] [83] Granvik, Mikael 0000-0002-5624-1888 [48] [84] Barrera, V Gregori [18] [19] Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Raúl 0009-0003-1500-4733 [31] Haywood, Misha [11] Helmer, A [70] Helmi, Amina [85] Henares, K [60] Hidalgo, S. L. [86] [87] Hilger, Thomas U 0000-0003-1646-0063 [20] Hobbs, D [21] Hottier, Clément 0000-0002-3498-3944 [11] Huckle, Howard [25] Jabłońska, Maja [88] [89] Jansen, F [10] Jiménez-Arranz, Ó 0000-0001-7434-5165 [18] [19] Campillo, J Juaristi [13] Khanna, Shourya 0000-0002-2604-4277 [26] [85] Kordopatis, Georges 0000-0002-9035-3920 [4] Kóspál, Ágnes 0000-0001-7157-6275 [24] [54] [55] Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Zuzanna [8] Kun, Mária 0000-0002-7538-5166 [54] Lambert, Sébastien Bernard [32] Lanza, A. F. [43] Lebreton, Yveline 0000-0002-4834-2144 [90] [91] Lebzelter, T. [58] Leccia, Silvio 0000-0001-5685-6930 [92] Lecoeur-Taibi, Isabelle [15] Lecoutre, G [49] Liao, Shi-Long 0000-0002-9346-0211 [26] [93] [94] Liberato, Luana 0000-0003-3433-6269 [4] [95] Licata, Enrico 0000-0002-5203-0135 [26] Lindstrøm, H E P [26] [96] [97] Lister, Timothy A 0000-0002-3818-7769 [98] Livanou, E [41] Lobel, Alex 0000-0001-5030-019X [27] Loup, Cécile [44] Mahy, Laurent 0000-0003-0688-7987 [27] Mann, Robert G [37] Manteiga, Minia 0000-0002-7711-5581 [39] Marchant, J M [99] Marconi, Marcella 0000-0002-1330-2927 [92] Pina, Daniel Marín 0000-0001-6482-1842 [18] [19] Marinoni, Silvia 0000-0001-7990-6849 [45] [46] Marshall, Douglas J 0000-0003-3956-3524 [100] Lozano, J Martín [34] Martín-Fleitas, J M [17] Marton, Gábor 0000-0002-1326-1686 [54] Mary, N [70] Masip, A [18] [19] Massari, Davide 0000-0001-8892-4301 [35] Mastrobuono-Battisti, Alessandra 0000-0002-2386-9142 [11] Mazeh, T. [62] Mcmillan, Paul J 0000-0002-8861-2620 [21] Meichsner, J. [20] Messina, Sergio 0000-0002-2851-2468 [43] Michalik, Daniel [10] Millar, N. R. [14] Mints, Alexey 0000-0002-8440-1455 [53] Molina, D [18] [19] Molinaro, Roberto 0000-0003-3055-6002 [92] Molnár, László 0000-0002-8159-1599 [54] [55] Monari, Giacomo 0000-0002-6863-0661 [44] Monguió, Maria 0000-0002-4519-6700 [18] [19] Montegriffo, Paolo 0000-0001-5013-5948 [35] Montero, A [34] Mor, R [18] [19] [101] Mora, A [17] Morbidelli, Roberto 0000-0001-7627-4946 [26] Morel, T [5] Morris, D [37] Mowlavi, N. [15] Munoz, D [70] Muraveva, Tatiana 0000-0002-0969-1915 [35] Murphy, C P [16] Musella, Ilaria 0000-0001-5909-6615 [92] Nagy, Zsófia 0000-0002-3632-1194 [54] Nieto, S [38] Noval, L [70] Ogden, A. [14] Ordenovic, Christophe 0000-0003-0256-6596 [4] Pagani, C. [61] Pagano, Isabella 0000-0001-9573-4928 [43] Palaversa, Lovro 0000-0003-3710-0331 [77] Palicio, Pedro Alonso 0000-0002-7432-8709 [4] Pallas-Quintela, Lara 0000-0001-9296-3100 [39] Panahi, A. [62] Panem, Chantal [7] Payne-Wardenaar, S [13] Penttilä, Antti 0000-0001-7403-1721 [48] Pesciullesi, P [38] Piersimoni, Anna Marina 0000-0002-8019-3708 [76] Pinamonti, Matteo 0000-0002-4445-1845 [26] Pineau, François-Xavier 0000-0002-2335-4499 [44] Plachy, Emese 0000-0002-5481-3352 [54] [55] Plum, Guillaume [11] Poggio, Eloisa 0000-0003-3793-8505 [4] [26] Pourbaix, Dimitri 0000-0002-3020-1837 [52] [83] Prša, Andrej 0000-0002-1913-0281 [102] Pulone, Luigi 0000-0002-5285-998X [46] Racero, E [34] [103] Rainer, Monica 0000-0002-8786-2572 [22] [104] Raiteri, Claudia M 0000-0003-1784-2784 [26] Ramos, Pau 0000-0002-5080-7027 [18] [19] [105] Ramos-Lerate, M 0009-0005-4677-8031 [31] Ratajczak, M. [89] Fiorentin, Paola Re 0000-0002-4995-0475 [26] Regibo, Sara 0000-0001-7227-9563 [57] Reylé, C [49] Ripepi, Vincenzo [92] Riva, Alberto 0000-0002-6928-8589 [26] Rix, Hans-Walter R 0000-0003-4996-9069 [24] Rixon, G. [14] Robichon, N [11] Robin, C [70] Romero-Gómez, Mercè 0000-0003-3936-1025 [18] [19] Rowell, N [37] Royer, Frédéric 0000-0002-9374-8645 [11] Mieres, D Ruz [14] Rybicki, K A [106] Sadowski, G [52] Núñez, A Sáez 0009-0001-6078-0868 [18] [19] Sellés, A Sagristà 0000-0001-6191-2028 [13] Sahlmann, J [38] Gimenez, V Sanchez 0000-0003-1797-3557 [18] [19] Sanna, Nicoletta 0000-0001-9275-9492 [22] Santoveña, Raúl 0000-0002-9257-2131 [39] Sarasso, Maria 0000-0001-5121-0727 [26] Riera, C Sarrate [18] [19] [28] Sciacca, Eva 0000-0002-5574-2787 [43] Segovia, J C [34] Ségransan, D. [15] Shahaf, Sahar 0000-0001-9298-8068 [106] Siebert, Arnaud [44] [107] Siltala, Lauri 0000-0002-6938-794X [48] Slezak, Eric [4] Smart, Richard L 0000-0002-4424-4766 [26] [75] Snaith, Owain N [11] [108] Solano, Enrique 0000-0003-1885-5130 [109] Solitro, F. [29] Souami, Damya 0000-0003-4058-0815 [91] [110] Souchay, Jean [32] Spina, Lorenzo 0000-0002-9760-6249 [9] Spitoni, Emanuele 0000-0001-9715-5727 [4] [111] Spoto, F. [112] Squillante, L. A. [29] Steele, Iain Allan [99] Steidelmüller, Hagen [20] Surdej, Jan [5] Szabados, L. [54] Taris, François [32] Taylor, M. B. [113] Tisanić, Krešimir 0000-0001-6382-4937 [77] Tolomei, L. [29] Torra, Ferran 0000-0002-8429-299X [18] [19] [28] Elipe, Guillermo Torralba 0000-0001-8738-194X [39] [114] [115] Trabucchi, Michele 0000-0002-1429-2388 [15] [116] Tsantaki, Maria 0000-0002-0552-2313 [22] Ulla, Ana 0000-0001-6424-5005 [82] Unger, N. [15] Vanel, O 0000-0002-7898-0454 [11] Vecchiato, Alberto 0000-0003-1399-5556 [26] Vicente, David [81] Voutsinas, S [37] Weiler, Michael 0000-0002-3007-3927 [18] [19] Wyrzykowski, Ł. [89] Zhao, He 0000-0003-2645-6869 [4] [117] Zorec, Juan [118] [119] Zwitter, Tomaž 0000-0002-2325-8763 [120] Balaguer-Núñez, Lola 0000-0001-9789-7069 [18] [19] Leclerc, Nicolas 0009-0001-5569-6098 [11] Morgenthaler, S. [59] Robert, G [70] Zucker, S. [62]

Affiliations

  1. [1] University of California, Irvine
    2. [NORA names: United States; America, North; OECD];
  2. [2] University of Lisbon
    3. [NORA names: Portugal; Europe, EU; OECD];
  3. [3] Laboratory of Astrophysics of Bordeaux
    4. [NORA names: France; Europe, EU; OECD];
  4. [4] Lagrange Laboratory
    5. [NORA names: France; Europe, EU; OECD];
  5. [5] University of Liège
    6. [NORA names: Belgium; Europe, EU; OECD];

Abstract

Context . Strongly lensed quasars are fundamental sources for cosmology. The Gaia space mission covers the entire sky with the unprecedented resolution of 0.18″ in the optical, making it an ideal instrument to search for gravitational lenses down to the limiting magnitude of 21. Nevertheless, the previous Gaia Data Releases are known to be incomplete for small angular separations such as those expected for most lenses. Aims . We present the Data Processing and Analysis Consortium GravLens pipeline, which was built to analyse all Gaia detections around quasars and to cluster them into sources, thus producing a catalogue of secondary sources around each quasar. We analysed the resulting catalogue to produce scores that indicate source configurations that are compatible with strongly lensed quasars. Methods . GravLens uses the DBSCAN unsupervised clustering algorithm to detect sources around quasars. The resulting catalogue of multiplets is then analysed with several methods to identify potential gravitational lenses. We developed and applied an outlier scoring method, a comparison between the average BP and RP spectra of the components, and we also used an extremely randomised tree algorithm. These methods produce scores to identify the most probable configurations and to establish a list of lens candidates. Results . We analysed the environment of 3 760 032 quasars. A total of 4 760 920 sources, including the quasars, were found within 6″ of the quasar positions. This list is given in the Gaia archive. In 87% of cases, the quasar remains a single source, and in 501 385 cases neighbouring sources were detected. We propose a list of 381 lensed candidates, of which we identified 49 as the most promising ones. Beyond these candidates, the associate tables in this Focused Product Release allow the entire community to explore the unique Gaia data for strong lensing studies further.

Keywords

DBSCAN, Gaia, Gaia Archive, Gaia data, Gaia data release, Gaia space mission, RP spectra, Strong, algorithm, analysis, angular separation, archival, association table, average BP, candidates, cases, catalogue, catalogues of sources, clustering algorithm, community, comparison, components, configuration, cosmology, data, data processing, data release, detected sources, detection, environment, focus, gravitational lensing, ideal instrument, instrument, lens, lens candidates, lensed quasars, lenses, lensing candidates, lensing studies, magnitude, method, mission, multiplets, pipeline, position, process, product release, quasar positions, quasars, release, resolution, scores, scoring method, secondary sources, separation, small angular separation, source, source configuration, space missions, spectra, study, table, tree algorithm, unsupervised clustering algorithm

Data Provider: Digital Science

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