Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics 978-981-19-6959-1, 978-981-19-6960-7,
Pages 2307-2352
Editors: Cosimo Bambi; Andrea Santangelo
Publisher: Springer Nature
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_56
Contributors
Kuulkers, Erik
0000-0002-5790-7290
(Corresponding author)
[1]
Laurent, Philippe
0000-0001-9094-0335
[2]
Kretschmar, Peter
0000-0001-9840-2048
[3]
Bazzano, Angela
0000-0002-2017-4396
[4]
Brandt, Søren K
0000-0001-5689-3109
[5]
Cadolle-Bel, Marion
[6]
Cangemi, Floriane
[7]
Coleiro, Alexis
0000-0003-0860-440X
[8]
Ehle, Matthias
0000-0002-2171-2926
[3]
Ferrigno, Carlo
0000-0003-1429-1059
[9]
Jourdain, Elisabeth
[10]
Mas-Hesse, José Miguel
0000-0002-8823-9723
[11]
Molina, Manuela
0000-0003-0681-9984
[12]
Roques, Jean-Pierre
[10]
Ubertini, Pietro
[4]
Affiliations
- [1]
European Space Research and Technology Centre
[NORA names:
Netherlands; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [2]
CEA Paris-Saclay
[NORA names:
France; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [3]
European Space Astronomy Centre
[NORA names:
Spain; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [4]
IAPS/INAF, Rome, Italy
[NORA names:
Italy; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [5]
Technical University of Denmark
[NORA names:
DTU Technical University of Denmark; University; Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD];
(... more)
- [6]
Allane Mobility Group, Pullach, Germany
[NORA names:
Germany; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [7]
CNRS/LPNHE, Paris, France
[NORA names:
France; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [8]
Astroparticle and Cosmology Laboratory
[NORA names:
France; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [9]
University of Geneva
[NORA names:
Switzerland; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
- [10]
Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology
[NORA names:
France; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [11]
Centro de Astrobiología
[NORA names:
Spain; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [12]
IASF/INAF, Milano, Italy
[NORA names:
Italy; Europe, EU; OECD]
(less)
Abstract
The INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL; Winkler et al. 2003; Kuulkers et al. 2021) was launched onboard a Proton-DM2 rocket on 17 October 2002 at 06:41 CEST, from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. The mission is currently providing long, uninterrupted observations (up to about 47 h per satellite orbit of 2.7 days) with a large field-of-view (fully coded: 100 deg2), millisecond time resolution, keV energy resolution, polarization measurements, in the hard X-ray to gamma-ray range, as well as additional wavelength coverage at X-ray and optical wavelengths. Besides the long, scheduled observations, INTEGRAL can rapidly (within a couple of hours) re-point and conduct Target of Opportunity Observations on a large variety of sources.INTEGRAL observations and their scientific results have been building an impressive legacy: the discovery of currently more than 600 new high-energy sources, first-ever direct detection of 56Ni and 56Co radioactive decay lines from a Type Ia supernova, spectroscopy of isotopes from galactic nucleosynthesis sources, new insights on the enigmatic positron annihilation in the galactic bulge and disk, and pioneering gamma-ray polarization studies. INTEGRAL is also a successful actor in the new multi-messenger astronomy introduced by non-electromagnetic signals from gravitational waves and from neutrinos: INTEGRAL, together with Fermi, observed the first prompt electromagnetic radiation in coincidence with a binary neutron-star merger.
Keywords
Astrophysics Laboratory,
Baikonur,
CEST,
Fermi,
Galactic bulge,
Ia supernovae,
International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory,
Kazakhstan,
Opportunity observations,
Target of Opportunity observations,
Type Ia supernovae,
X-ray,
actors,
annihilation,
astronomy,
binary neutron star mergers,
bulge,
coverage,
decay line,
detection,
direct detection,
discovery,
disk,
electromagnetic radiation,
energy resolution,
gamma-ray range,
gravitational waves,
hard X-rays,
high-energy sources,
impressive legacy,
integral observer,
integration,
isotopes,
keV,
keV energy resolution,
laboratory,
legacy,
lines,
measurements,
merger,
millisecond time resolution,
mission,
multi-messenger astronomy,
neutrinos,
neutron star mergers,
nucleosynthesis sources,
observations,
optical wavelengths,
polarization,
polarization measurements,
polarization studies,
positron,
positron annihilation,
radiation,
radioactive decay line,
range,
re-pointing,
resolution,
results,
rocket,
scientific results,
signal,
source,
spectroscopy,
study,
supernova,
target,
time resolution,
type,
wave,
wavelength,
wavelength coverage
Funders
Data Provider: Digital Science