Article, 2024
The NOEMA observations of GN-z11: constraining the neutral interstellar medium and dust formation in the heart of cosmic reionization at z = 10.6
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society,
ISSN
1365-2966,
0035-8711,
Volume 530,
1,
Pages 340-346,
10.1093/mnras/stae556
Contributors
Fudamoto, Yoshinobu
0000-0001-7440-8832
(Corresponding author)
[1]
[2]
[3]
Oesch, Pascal A
0000-0001-5851-6649
[4]
[5]
Walter, Fabian
0000-0003-4793-7880
[6]
Decarli, Roberto
0000-0002-2662-8803
[7]
Carilli, Chris L
[8]
Ferrara, Andrea
0000-0002-9400-7312
[9]
Barrufet, Laia
0000-0003-1641-6185
[5]
Bouwens, Rychard J
[10]
Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava
0000-0003-0348-2917
[5]
Nelson, Erica June
[11]
Dannerbauer, Helmut
0000-0001-7147-3575
[12]
Illingworth, Garth D
0000-0002-8096-2837
[13]
Inoue, Akio K
0000-0002-7779-8677
[2]
Marques-Chaves, Rui
0000-0001-8442-1846
[5]
Pérez-Fournon, Ismael
0000-0002-2807-6459
[12]
[14]
Riechers, Dominik A
[15]
Schaerer, Daniel E
0000-0001-7144-7182
[5]
Smit, Renske
0000-0001-8034-7802
[16]
Sugahara, Yuma
0000-0001-6958-7856
[2]
[3]
Van Der Werf, Paul P
0000-0001-5434-5942
[10]
Affiliations
- [1]
Chiba University
[NORA names:
Japan; Asia, East; OECD];
- [2]
Waseda University
[NORA names:
Japan; Asia, East; OECD];
- [3]
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
[NORA names:
Japan; Asia, East; OECD];
- [4]
University of Copenhagen
[NORA names:
KU University of Copenhagen; University; Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD];
- [5]
University of Geneva
[NORA names:
Switzerland; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
(... more)
- [6]
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
[NORA names:
Germany; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [7]
Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio
[NORA names:
Italy; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [8]
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
[NORA names:
United States; America, North; OECD];
- [9]
Scuola Normale Superiore
[NORA names:
Italy; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [10]
Leiden University
[NORA names:
Netherlands; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [11]
University of Colorado Boulder
[NORA names:
United States; America, North; OECD];
- [12]
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
[NORA names:
Spain; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [13]
University of California, Santa Cruz
[NORA names:
United States; America, North; OECD];
- [14]
University of La Laguna
[NORA names:
Spain; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [15]
University of Cologne
[NORA names:
Germany; Europe, EU; OECD];
- [16]
Liverpool John Moores University
[NORA names:
United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD]
(less)
Abstract
ABSTRACT We present results of dust continuum and [C ii]$\, 158\, {\rm \mu m}$ emission line observations of a remarkably UV luminous (MUV = −21.6) galaxy at z = 10.603: GN-z11. Using the Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA), observations have been carried out over multiple observing cycles. We achieved a high sensitivity resulting in a $\lambda _{\rm rest}=160\, {\rm \mu m}$ continuum $1\, \sigma$ sensitivity of $13.0\, \rm {\mu Jy \, beam}^{ -1}$ and a [C ii] emission line $1\, \sigma$ sensitivity of $31\, \rm {mJy\, beam^{ -1}\, km \, s}^{ -1}$ using $50\, \rm {km \, s}^{ -1}$ binning with a $\sim 2\, {\rm arcsec}$ synthesized beam. Neither dust continuum nor [C ii]$\, 158\, {\rm \mu m}$ line emission are detected at the expected frequency of ν[C ii]$= 163.791\, \rm {GHz}$ and the sky location of GN-z11. The upper limits show that GN-z11 is neither luminous in LIR nor L[C ii], with a dust mass $3\, \sigma$ limit of ${\rm log}\, (M_{\rm dust}/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) \, \lt\, 6.5-6.9$ and with a [C ii] based molecular gas mass $3\, \sigma$ limit of log (Mmol, [C ii]$/{\rm {\rm M}_{\odot }}) \, \lt \, 9.3$. Together with radiative transfer calculations, we also investigated the possible cause of the dust poor nature of the GN-z11 showed by the blue colour in the UV continuum of GN-z11 (βUV = −2.4), and found that ≳3 × deeper observations are crucial to study dust production at very high-redshift. Nevertheless, our observations show the crucial role of deep mm/submm observations of very high-redshift galaxies to constrain multiple phases in the interstellar medium.
Keywords
GN-z11,
LIR,
Millimeter Array,
NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array,
NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array observations,
UV,
UV continuum,
array,
beam,
blue color,
calculations,
cause,
color,
continuum,
cosmic reionization,
cycle,
deep observations,
dust,
dust continuum,
dust formation,
dust mass,
dust production,
emission,
formation,
frequency,
galaxies,
gas mass,
heart,
high-redshift galaxies,
higher redshifts,
interstellar medium,
limitations,
line emission,
log,
mass,
medium,
mm/submm observations,
molecular gas mass,
multiple phases,
m}$,
nature,
neutral interstellar medium,
observations,
phase,
poor nature,
production,
radiative transfer calculations,
reionization,
results,
sensitivity,
sky,
sky location,
transfer calculations,
upper limit
Funders
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