Article, 2024

Distributed Event-Triggered Secondary Frequency Regulation by Sharing HESS Power in Microgrids

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, ISSN 1949-3061, 1949-3053, Volume 15, 4, Pages 3375-3389, 10.1109/tsg.2024.3357772

Contributors

Kang, Wenfa 0000-0003-4339-6562 [1] Guan, Yajuan 0000-0002-1968-1542 (Corresponding author) [1] Yu, Yun 0000-0003-3051-999X [1] Arbab-Zavar, Babak 0000-0002-3332-0508 [1] Vasquez, Juan C 0000-0001-6332-385X [1] Guerrero, Josep M 0000-0001-5236-4592 [1] [2] [3]

Affiliations

  1. [1] Aalborg University
    2. [NORA names: AAU Aalborg University; University; Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD];
  2. [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
    3. [NORA names: Spain; Europe, EU; OECD];
  3. [3] Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya
    4. [NORA names: Spain; Europe, EU; OECD]

Abstract

The fluctuated power output of renewable energy sources brings new challenges to frequency control, especially for islanded microgrids with small spinning reserves. However, energy storage systems and widespread flexible loads can be employed to the frequency regulation thanks to their flexibility of power outputs. This paper investigates the frequency regulation problem for islanded microgrids with distributed heterogeneous energy storage systems (HESS) composed of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and building thermal energy storage systems (BTESS). A distributed event-triggered balanced power sharing strategy considering denial of service (DoS) attacks is designed for frequency regulation by allocating HESS power according to BESS state of charge (SoC), BTESS state of temperature (SoT) and their capacities. The range of control parameters for a stable controller are all provided by Lyapunov analysis. Moreover, the frequency feedback control gain for HESS is derived by using linear quadratic regulator. Simulation results show that the proposed frequency regulation strategy can guarantee the recovery of microgrids frequency and the proportional sharing of HESS power. Besides, SoC and SoT balancing with fewer communications are achieved, even with considering various parameters of HESS, such as capacity, efficiency and with communication link failures as well as DoS attacks.

Keywords

BESS state, DoS, DoS attacks, Lyapunov, Lyapunov analysis, SOT, SoC, analysis, attacks, battery, battery energy storage system, capacity, communication, communication link failures, control, control gains, control parameters, denial, denial of service, efficiency, energy, energy sources, energy storage system, failure, feedback control gain, flexibility, flexible loads, frequency, frequency control, frequency regulation, frequency regulation problem, frequency regulation strategy, gain, heterogeneous energy storage systems, islanded microgrid, linear quadratic regulator, link failures, load, microgrid, microgrid frequency, output, output of renewable energy sources, parameters, power, power output, power sharing strategy, problem, proportional share, quadratic regulator, recovery, regulation, regulation problem, regulation strategies, regulation thanks, renewable energy sources, results, secondary frequency regulation, services, sharing, sharing strategy, simulation, simulation results, source, stable controller, state, storage system, strategies, system, temperature, thanks, thermal energy storage system

Funders

  • Spanish National Research Council
  • The Velux Foundations
  • Danida Fellowship Centre

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