open access publication

Article, 2024

Disproportionate infection, hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples: an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions analytical framework

EClinicalMedicine, ISSN 2589-5370, Volume 68, Page 102360, 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102360

Contributors

Irizar, Patricia 0000-0003-0078-1372 [1] Pan, Daniel 0000-0002-1268-2243 [2] [3] [4] [5] Taylor, Harry 0000-0002-0582-6851 [6] Martin, Christopher A 0000-0002-2337-4799 [3] [4] [5] Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal 0000-0001-6593-9092 [7] Kannangarage, Niluka Wijekoon [8] Gomez, Susana 0000-0003-0030-6328 [8] La Parra-Casado, Daniel 0000-0002-9096-3972 [9] Srinivas, Prashanth Nuggehalli 0000-0003-0968-0826 [10] Diderichsen, Finn 0000-0002-9998-4972 [11] Baggaley, Rebecca Frances 0000-0002-4688-3924 [3] [4] Nellums, Laura B 0000-0002-2534-6951 [12] Koller, Theadora Swift 0000-0001-5655-7690 [8] Pareek, Manish 0000-0003-1521-9964 (Corresponding author) [3] [4] [5]

Affiliations

  1. [1] University of Manchester
    2. [NORA names: United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
  2. [2] University of Oxford
    3. [NORA names: United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
  3. [3] NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre
    4. [NORA names: United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
  4. [4] University of Leicester
    5. [NORA names: United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];
  5. [5] University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
    6. [NORA names: United Kingdom; Europe, Non-EU; OECD];

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in disproportionate consequences for ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples. We present an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions (PPHC) framework from the World Health Organisation (WHO), to explicitly address COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses of pandemic potential. This application is supported by evidence that ethnic minority groups were more likely to be infected, implying differential exposure (PPHC level two), be more vulnerable to severe disease once infected (PPHC level three) and have poorer health outcomes following infection (PPHC level four). These inequities are driven by various interconnected dimensions of racism, that compounds with socioeconomic context and position (PPHC level one). We show that, for respiratory viruses, it is important to stratify levels of the PPHC framework by infection status and by societal, community, and individual factors to develop optimal interventions to reduce inequity from COVID-19 and future infectious diseases outbreaks.

Keywords

COVID-19, COVID-19 pandemic, Health Organisation, World Health Organisation, analytical framework, applications, community, compounds, conditions, consequences, context, death, dimensions, dimensions of racism, disease, disease outbreaks, disproportionate consequences, disproportionate infection, ethnic minority groups, evidence, exposure, factors, framework, group, health conditions, health outcomes, hospitalisation, indigenous peoples, individual factors, inequality, infection, infection status, infectious disease outbreaks, intervention, levels, minority groups, optimal intervention, organisations, outbreak, outcomes, pandemic, pandemic potential, people, poor health outcomes, position, potential, priority, public health conditions, racism, reduce inequalities, respiratory viruses, severe disease, socioeconomic context, status, stratified levels, virus, world

Funders

  • Department of Health and Social Care
  • Department of Biotechnology
  • Chief Scientist Office
  • Ministry of Health
  • NIHR Academy
  • World Health Organization
  • Medical Research Council
  • World Health Organization - India
  • Wellcome Trust
  • Government of Canada
  • Generalitat Valenciana

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