open access publication

Article, 2022

NEMO-Bohai 1.0: a high-resolution ocean and sea ice modelling system for the Bohai Sea, China

Geoscientific Model Development, ISSN 1991-9603, 1991-959X, Volume 15, 3, Pages 1269-1288, 10.5194/gmd-15-1269-2022

Contributors

Yan, Yu-Chun 0000-0003-2630-0178 (Corresponding author) [1] [2] [3] Gu, Wei [2] Gierisch, Andrea Martina Ulrike 0000-0002-1929-5203 [4] Xu, Yingjun [2] Uotila, Petteri Juha 0000-0002-2939-7561 (Corresponding author) [3]

Affiliations

  1. [1] China University of Geosciences
    2. [NORA names: China; Asia, East];
  2. [2] Beijing Normal University
    3. [NORA names: China; Asia, East];
  3. [3] University of Helsinki
    4. [NORA names: Finland; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD];
  4. [4] Danish Meteorological Institute
    5. [NORA names: DMI Danish Meteorological Institute; Governmental Institutions; Denmark; Europe, EU; Nordic; OECD]

Abstract

Abstract. Severe ice conditions in the Bohai Sea could cause serious harm to maritime traffic, offshore oil exploitation, aquaculture, and other economic activities in the surrounding regions. In addition to providing sea ice forecasts for disaster prevention and risk mitigation, sea ice numerical models could help explain the sea ice variability within the context of climate change in marine ecosystems, such as spotted seals, which are the only ice-dependent animal that breeds in Chinese waters. Here, we developed NEMO-Bohai, an ocean–ice coupled model based on the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) model version 4.0 and Sea Ice Modelling Integrated Initiative (SI3) (NEMO4.0-SI3) for the Bohai Sea. This study will present the scientific design and technical choices of the parameterizations for the NEMO-Bohai model. The model was calibrated and evaluated with in situ and satellite observations of the ocean and sea ice. The model simulations agree with the observations with respect to sea surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), currents, and temperature and salinity stratification. The seasonal variation of the sea ice area is well simulated by the model compared to the satellite remote sensing data for the period of 1996–2017. Overall agreement is found for the occurrence dates of the annual maximum sea ice area. The simulated sea ice thickness and volume are in general agreement with the observations with slight overestimations. NEMO-Bohai can simulate seasonal sea ice evolution and long-term interannual variations. Hence, NEMO-Bohai is a valuable tool for long-term ocean and ice simulations and climate change studies.

Keywords

Abstract, Bohai, Bohai Sea, China, Chinese waters, European, European model, SSS, SST, Si3, activity, animals, aquaculture, area, breeding, change studies, changes, choice, climate, climate change, climate change studies, conditions, context, context of climate change, current, data, date, design, disaster, disaster prevention, economic activity, ecosystem, evolution, exploitation, height, high-resolution ocean, ice, ice area, ice conditions, ice evolution, ice simulations, ice thickness, ice variability, initiation, integration initiatives, interannual variations, long-term interannual variation, marine ecosystems, maritime traffic, maximum sea ice area, mitigation, model, model simulations, model system, nucleus, numerical model, observations, occurrence, occurrence date, ocean, ocean-ice coupled model, offshore oil exploitation, oil exploitation, overestimation, parameterization, period, prevention, region, risk mitigation, saline, salinity stratification, satellite, satellite observations, scientific design, sea, sea ice, sea ice area, sea ice evolution, sea ice numerical models, sea ice thickness, sea ice variability, sea surface height, seal, seasonal variation, severe ice conditions, simulated sea ice thickness, simulation, spotted seals, stratification, study, surface height, surrounding region, system, technical choices, temperature, thickness, traffic, variables, variation, volume, water

Funders

  • National Natural Science Foundation of China
  • China Scholarship Council
  • Academy of Finland
  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China

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